{"id":6161,"date":"2020-08-24T13:37:41","date_gmt":"2020-08-24T17:37:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/?p=6161"},"modified":"2020-09-03T11:07:30","modified_gmt":"2020-09-03T15:07:30","slug":"crypto-mass-adoption","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/2020\/08\/24\/crypto-mass-adoption","title":{"rendered":"Crypto mass adoption will be here when… [fill in the blank]"},"content":{"rendered":"
Some attention has been devoted in recent years to the matter of blockchain adoption<\/strong> \u2014 more specifically, when will blockchain technology go mainstream \u2014 and when it does, how will we even know? The question is somewhat problematic because blockchain is an infrastructure, operating in the background \u2014 out of sight \u2014 that runs across multiple industries and domains.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n In an effort to shed some light on this point at issue, Cointegraph Magazine informally surveyed industry thought leaders to complete this sentence, \u201cWe will know blockchain has gone mainstream when _______.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Michael Peshkam, executive in residence at European business school INSEAD, told Cointelegraph Magazine that there were over <\/span>50 million Blockchain<\/span><\/a> wallet users at the end of June 2020. \u201cTraditionally this is the number of users [needed] to accept that a technology has gone mainstream.<\/span>\u201d It took <\/span>the automobile 62 years<\/span><\/a> to reach the \u201cmagic\u201d 50-million-user mark, the telephone 50 years, electricity 46 years, and the internet seven years.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n We are in a networked world today, of course, where a technology can spread at an exponential rate \u2014 and the world also has many more consumers than in Henry Ford\u2019s time \u2014 so it isn\u2019t really fair to compare discrete items like automobiles or telephones to encrypted, distributed digital ledgers. For his part, Peshkam accepts the 50-million-user threshold as a necessary metric, but not a sufficient one. As he explained:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cIn my view this number, while a useful indicator, is not sufficient to declare Blockchain is in the mainstream.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cThe missing piece before mass adoption of Blockchain can happen is a simple app with clear value proposition.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n In fact, none of the cognoscenti to whom Cointelegraph posed this question answered with a numeric threshold <\/span>alone<\/span><\/i>. Garrick Hileman, head of research at Blockchain.com, provided a one line answer: Mass adoption has arrived when <\/span>\u201ccrypto is the financial system for the Internet.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n According to a Blockchain.com <\/span>blog <\/span><\/a>that expands on this point, the circumstance might look (schematically) something like this:<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n (Blockchain.com)<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n But it still begs our question, because how will we actually know<\/strong> when crypto becomes the financial system for the internet? The blog <\/span>describes Blockchain.com\u2019s <\/span>goal of reaching <\/span>1 billion <\/span><\/i>on-chain crypto wallets by 2030. Presumably, that would indicate mainstream acceptance \u2014 but for <\/span>that <\/span><\/i>to happen, the company concedes, crypto will need to be easier to use, more transaction friendly, and less costly (i.e., lower fees).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Michel Rauchs, the head of Paradigma \u2014 a consulting firm focusing on the digital assets sector \u2014 as well as a research affiliate and former lead for the cryptocurrency and blockchain research program at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance at the University of Cambridge, told Cointelegraph that traditional metrics for software are only of limited utility.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cFor instance, the number of developers or total software downloads doesn\u2019t provide information about the actual impact of the technology. It\u2019s a bit like trying to assess the value of COBOL by merely looking at the number of active developers: it\u2019s still the predominant programming language underpinning much of core banking systems that process trillions of dollars in value, yet there is an acute shortage of developers on the market that are familiar with the decade-old language.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n That said, some additional metrics that might further inform the question asked, in Rauchs\u2019 view were:<\/span><\/p>\n With regard to cryptocurrency \u2014 a sector within the blockchain technology universe \u2014 Vili Lehdonvirta, Associate Professor and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, told Cointelegraph Magazine: \u201cRelative market size doesn\u2019t matter; what matters is the absolute size of the \u2018currency area,\u2019 or the set of goods and services that can be purchased with the currency.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Lehdonvirta is skeptical with respect to Bitcoin, which many think will be the first blockchain technology case to achieve mass adoption, because the crypto community seems willing to move the goalposts to suit its purposes.\u00a0 \u201cWhen merchants started dropping Bitcoin, enthusiasts changed to other \u2014 questionable \u2014 definitions of success,\u201d he told us. For example, many now view Bitcoin as a store of value rather than a medium of exchange \u2014 which invites different adoption metrics.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Geoffrey Moore is author of the book <\/span>Crossing the Chasm<\/span><\/i>, which builds on the work of Everett Rogers, who first described <\/span>the five stages<\/span><\/a> through which a technology becomes \u201cdiffused\u201d \u2014 i.e., goes mainstream: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. In his book, Moore describes a critical \u201cchasm\u201d that all technologies must cross between the \u201cearly adopters\u201d and \u201cearly majority\u201d stages if they are ever to achieve mass adoption. He told us:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cBitcoin [i.e., the most prominent instance of blockchain technology] is still in the early market before the chasm. That is, it attracts customers who \u2018believe what we believe.\u2019 But the mainstream market is more skeptical.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n To navigate the chasm, Moore continued, the technology needs to target a market segment of pragmatic customers \u201cwho are struggling with an intractable problem that cannot be solved by conventional means.\u201d That use case has yet to emerge, in Moore\u2019s view. With regard to Bitcoin, at least, \u201cvaluations are still based on the skewed feedback from an enthusiastic cohort that are focused wholly on the upside.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Peshkam agrees.\u00a0 Blockchain is here to stay, but it still needs a clear application with tangible benefits for its mass adoption by the public \u2014 which he predicts \u201cwe are going to see by 2025.\u201d Key areas will be business-to-business supply chain product data, digital wallets for B2B and business-to-consumer transactions\/daily shopping as well as blockchain-based health records and personal assets like family trust items and deeds.<\/span><\/p>\n Campbell Harvey, professor of international business at Duke University, told Cointelegraph Magazine: \u201cBlockchain will be mainstream when people don\u2019t even know they are using the technology.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Usability will be critical. With the Internet, one recalls, <\/span>easy-to-use browsers<\/span><\/a> (e.g., Mosaic, Netscape Navigator), were a key innovation leading up to widespread adoption:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201c<\/span>The growth of easy-to-use Web browsers coincided with the growth of the commercial ISP business, with companies like Compuserve bringing increasing numbers of people from outside the scientific community on to the Web \u2013 and that was the start of the Web we know today.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Two main problems are preventing large scale adoption at present, Harvey recounted: scaling and the oracle quandary.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cThe main blockchains, Bitcoin and Ethereum, simply do not have the capability in terms of transactions per second (TPS). Visa can do 24,000 TPS while Bitcoin can do about 5 and Ethereum 10. To realize the blockchain dream, even 24,000 TPS is not good enough.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n As for the oracle problem, if blockchain is to succeed, it is necessary to collect information from trusted sources outside of the network, such as a price feed. \u201cThis is a challenging problem where a \u2018trustless\u2019 blockchain technology needs to trust third-party data,\u201d said Harvey.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n One way we may know that blockchain has gone mainstream is when people stop talking about it. As Allen Lee, founder and chief architect at QLC Chain told Zage in a 2019 <\/span>report<\/span><\/a>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cI personally believe that the day when blockchain technology is used in day-to-day life is the day when people stopped talking about blockchain. Because it is just a backend technology that consumers don\u2019t need to know about.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Along these lines, Kevin Werbach, professor of legal studies and business ethics at the University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Wharton School, told Cointelegraph Magazine:<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cWe will know blockchain has gone mainstream when articles about blockchain-based systems no longer feel the need to highlight the use of distributed ledger technology. No one finds it interesting or surprising today that an application stores data in the cloud, for example.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Werbach also stressed the need for further regulation, particularly in the case of cryptocurrency. [Werbach, like others, prefers to distinguish between cryptocurrencies and enterprise blockchain.]\u00a0 \u201cWe will know cryptocurrency has gone mainstream when [unregulated stablecoin] Tether is no longer a significant source of liquidity for Bitcoin,\u201d he told us. \u201cCrypto will not be mainstream as a financial instrument until it operates within the boundaries of global regulation. Tether\u2019s continued prominence is the best indicator that is not yet the case.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n A sizable faction within the cryptoverse views blockchain as a savior technology, one that won\u2019t truly kick in until the current financial system collapses, as it inevitably must under the weight of unsustainable fiat-currency manipulations. \u201cBlockchain doesn\u2019t go mainstream until things in the real world break,\u201d Vinny Lingham, co-founder and CEO of Civic Inc., told Cointelegraph Magazine, because otherwise blockchain is just too much trouble \u2014 it\u2019s expensive, not particularly user friendly or intuitive, and it has a steep learning curve. \u201cIt\u2019s easier to give my money to a bank,\u201d as long as the status quo prevails. The real world economic order has to break in some manner, and then blockchain can ride to the rescue.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Is COVID-19 the sort of global crisis that could catapult blockchain into the mainstream? \u201cCOVID-19 is definitely collapsing parts of the economy,\u201d Lingham answered. It behooves blockchain firms working in these areas to apply their experience and learning to find new solutions, he said.<\/span><\/p>\n In the wake of the pandemic, medical records is one area where governments are going to be \u201cextremely paranoid,\u201d suggested Lingham. How can health authorities be really sure that an individual has been vaccinated against COVID-19 and won\u2019t infect dozens of others at a football game, say? Vaccination documents can be faked, but that risk diminishes if vaccinations are certified on a tamper-free blockchain.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n What about demographics \u2014 do those need to be right as well? The history of Internet adoption is instructive. At one point in the 1990s, the average Internet user \u201c<\/span>was a young professional man with an above-average income<\/span><\/a>.\u201d The internet was still a niche technology, arguably.<\/span><\/p>\nAre numbers even useful?<\/h4>\n
Do traditional metrics apply?<\/h4>\n
\n
A problem must be solved<\/h4>\n
Simplicity and ease of use also matter<\/h4>\n
Who\u2019s talking now?<\/h4>\n
Waiting for Armageddon<\/h4>\n
Diversity matters too<\/h4>\n